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FishUnited States

Walleye

The freshwater low-light specialist. Considered by many the best-eating freshwater fish in North America.

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Overview

The Walleye (Sander vitreus) is the most prized freshwater game fish across the northern United States and Canada. The name comes from its eerily reflective tapetum lucidum — a layer at the back of the eye that gives walleye supernatural low-light vision and an unforgettable glassy "wall-eyed" stare.

Walleye are cool-water predators that hunt yellow perch, ciscoes, and shad in big northern lakes and rivers. They are crepuscular and nocturnal — most active at dawn, dusk, and after dark, or on overcast windy days. They run from rocky reefs and shoals up into tributary streams to spawn at night in early spring (42-50°F).

Adults average 14-20 inches but can exceed 25 pounds. Walleye are pursued with jigs tipped with minnows or leeches, slip-bobber rigs, bottom-bouncer crawler harnesses, and crankbaits. They are widely considered the best-eating freshwater fish in North America — sweet, white, flaky, with no fishy taste. Excellent ice fishing target through the long northern winters.

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Fish Data31 / 39 fields

Fish Data

31 / 39 fields
Physical
Adult Size— not set
Average Length(in)17.0 in
ColorationOlive-gold and brassy back fading to white belly, with dark mottling/blotches. Reflective layer in eye gives a milky/glassy appearance.
Distinguishing FeaturesReflective tapetum lucidum gives the eye its trademark glassy "wall-eye" look — adapted for low-light vision. Sharp canine teeth. Distinct dark blotch at the rear base of the first dorsal fin. White tip on the lower lobe of the tail.
Max Length(in)42.0 in
Max Weight(lb)25.0 lb
World Record Weight(lb)25.0 lb
Habitat
Diet— not set
Native Range— not set
Conservation Status— not set
Depth Preference10-40 ft typical. Deeper during bright daylight, shallower at dawn/dusk and overnight.
HabitatLarge, cool, deep lakes and big rivers. Prefers clean rocky/sandy/gravel bottoms. Avoids bright sun.
Introduced RangeWidely stocked across the lower 48; introduced into reservoirs throughout the US.
Native RangeNorthern United States and most of Canada — Great Lakes, Mississippi, Missouri, and Hudson Bay drainages.
Temperature PreferenceCool water — most active at 55-70°F.
Water TypeFreshwater
Classification
Common Names— not set
PhylumChordata
Kingdom— not set
Species— not set
Class— not set
Common NamesWalleyed pike, Yellow pike, Pickerel (Canadian), Yellow pickerel, Glass eye, Marble eye
FamilyPercidae
GenusSander
OrderPerciformes
Scientific NameSander vitreus
Behavior
Active TimeCrepuscular
Diet TypePiscivore
Lifespan(yr)18 yr
Spawning SeasonEarly spring (March-May) at 42-50°F. Spawn at night over rocky/gravel shoals or in tributary streams.
Typical PreyYellow perch (their #1 prey), ciscoes, shad, smelt, minnows, smaller fish. Some insects, crayfish, leeches.
Conservation
Invasive Elsewhere No
IUCN StatusLeast Concern
Recreation
Best LuresJigs tipped with minnow/leech/nightcrawler, slip-bobber rigs with live bait, bottom bouncers with spinner harnesses (crawler harness), crankbaits, jigging spoons.
Best SeasonSpring post-spawn and fall are peak. Excellent winter ice fishing target.
Best Time of DayDawn, dusk, and night — walleye are the freshwater low-light specialists. Overcast/windy days extend daytime activity.
Eating QualityExcellent
Edible Yes
Game Fish Yes
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